Groundwater recharge distribution due to snow cover in shortage conditions (2019–22) on the Gran Sasso carbonate aquifer (Central Italy)

Abstract Aquifer recharge by the snowpack is relevant to be assessed evaluate groundwater availability in mountainous karst regions. The due Gran Sasso aquifer has previously been estimated through an empirical approach using elevation gradients. To validate and quantify coverage persistence of over time objective method, satellite images have analysed. Campo Imperatore plain, endorheic basin acting as a preferential area aquifer, plays important role, both for snow cover also infiltration springs. identification areas validated stable isotope with assessment computed based on values oscillations δ 18 O recorded at main findings confirm high rate plain its direct influence contribution recharge. extension out this minor recharge, highlighting that drivers are fractured networks karstic forms more than carbonate outcrops.